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Bhat, S. M., Ahmed, S., Bahar, A. N., Wahid, K. A., Otsuki, A., & Singh, P. (2023). Design of Cost-Efficient SRAM Cell in Quantum Dot Cellular Automata Technology. Electronics, 12(2), 367.
Abstract: SRAM or Static Random-Access Memory is the most vital memory technology. SRAM is fast and robust but faces design challenges in nanoscale CMOS such as high leakage, power consumption, and reliability. Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is the alternative technology that can be used to address the challenges of conventional SRAM. In this paper, a cost-efficient single layer SRAM cell has been proposed in QCA. The design has 39 cells with a latency of 1.5 clock cycles and achieves an overall improvement in cell count, area, latency, and QCA cost compared to the reported designs. It can therefore be used to design nanoscale memory structures of higher order.
Keywords: QCA cell; memory cell; QCADesigner; low power dissipation; cost-efficient
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Carrasco, M., Alvarez, F., Velazquez, R., Concha, J., & Perez-Cotapos, F. (2019). Brush-Holder Integrated Load Sensor Prototype for SAG Grinding Mill Motor. Electronics, 8(11), 14 pp.
Abstract: One of the most widely used electro-mechanical systems in large-scale mining is the electric motor. This device is employed in practically every phase of production. For this reason, it needs to be inspected regularly to maintain maximum operability, thus avoiding unplanned stoppages. In order to identify potential faults, regular check-ups are performed to measure the internal parameters of the components, especially the brushes and brush-holders. Both components must be properly aligned and calibrated to avoid electric arcs to the internal insulation of the motor. Although there is an increasing effort to improve inspection tasks, most inspection procedures are manual, leading to unnecessary costs in inspection time, errors in data entry, and, in extreme cases, measurement errors. This research presents the design, development, and assessment of an integrated measurement prototype for measuring spring tension and other key parameters in brush-holders used in electric motors. It aims to provide the mining industry with a new, fully automatic inspection system that will facilitate maintenance and checking. Our development research was carried out specifically on the brush system of a SAG grinding mill motor. These machines commonly use SIEMENS motors; however, the instrument can be easily adapted to any motor by simply changing the physical dimensions of the prototype.
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Carrasco, M., Mery, D., Concha, A., Velazquez, R., De Fazio, R., & Visconti, P. (2021). An Efficient Point-Matching Method Based on Multiple Geometrical Hypotheses. Electronics, 10(3), 246.
Abstract: Point matching in multiple images is an open problem in computer vision because of the numerous geometric transformations and photometric conditions that a pixel or point might exhibit in the set of images. Over the last two decades, different techniques have been proposed to address this problem. The most relevant are those that explore the analysis of invariant features. Nonetheless, their main limitation is that invariant analysis all alone cannot reduce false alarms. This paper introduces an efficient point-matching method for two and three views, based on the combined use of two techniques: (1) the correspondence analysis extracted from the similarity of invariant features and (2) the integration of multiple partial solutions obtained from 2D and 3D geometry. The main strength and novelty of this method is the determination of the point-to-point geometric correspondence through the intersection of multiple geometrical hypotheses weighted by the maximum likelihood estimation sample consensus (MLESAC) algorithm. The proposal not only extends the methods based on invariant descriptors but also generalizes the correspondence problem to a perspective projection model in multiple views. The developed method has been evaluated on three types of image sequences: outdoor, indoor, and industrial. Our developed strategy discards most of the wrong matches and achieves remarkable F-scores of 97%, 87%, and 97% for the outdoor, indoor, and industrial sequences, respectively.
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Nafees, N., Ahmed, S., Kakkar, V., Bahar, A. N., Wahid, K. A., & Otsuki, A. (2022). QCA-Based PIPO and SIPO Shift Registers Using Cost-Optimized and Energy-Efficient D Flip Flop. Electronics, 11(19), 3237.
Abstract: With the growing use of quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) nanotechnology, digital circuits designed at the Nanoscale have a number of advantages over CMOS devices, including the lower utilization of power, increased processing speed of the circuit, and higher density. There are several flip flop designs proposed in the literature with their realization in the QCA technology. However, the majority of these designs suffer from large cell counts, large area utilization, and latency, which leads to the high cost of the circuits. To address this, this work performed a literature survey of the D flip flop (DFF) designs and complex sequential circuits that can be designed from it. A new design of D flip flop was proposed in this work and to assess the performance of the proposed QCA design, an in-depth comparison with existing designs was performed. Further, sequential circuits such as parallel-in-parallel-out (PIPO) and serial-in-parallel-out (SIPO) shift registers were designed using the flip flop design that was put forward. A comprehensive evaluation of the energy dissipation of all presented fundamental flip-flop circuits and other sequential circuits was also performed using the QCAPro tool, and their energy dissipation maps were also obtained. The suggested designs showed lower power dissipation and were cost-efficient, making them suitable for designing higher-power circuits.
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Rozas Andaur, J. M., Ruz, G. A., & Goycoolea, M. (2021). Predicting Out-of-Stock Using Machine Learning: An Application in a Retail Packaged Foods Manufacturing Company. Electronics, 10(22), 2787.
Abstract: For decades, Out-of-Stock (OOS) events have been a problem for retailers and manufacturers. In grocery retailing, an OOS event is used to characterize the condition in which customers do not find a certain commodity while attempting to buy it. This paper focuses on addressing this problem from a manufacturer’s perspective, conducting a case study in a retail packaged foods manufacturing company located in Latin America. We developed two machine learning based systems to detect OOS events automatically. The first is based on a single Random Forest classifier with balanced data, and the second is an ensemble of six different classification algorithms. We used transactional data from the manufacturer information system and physical audits. The novelty of this work is our use of new predictor variables of OOS events. The system was successfully implemented and tested in a retail packaged foods manufacturer company. By incorporating the new predictive variables in our Random Forest and Ensemble classifier, we were able to improve their system’s predictive power. In particular, the Random Forest classifier presented the best performance in a real-world setting, achieving a detection precision of 72% and identifying 68% of the total OOS events. Finally, the incorporation of our new predictor variables allowed us to improve the performance of the Random Forest by 0.24 points in the F-measure.
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Seyedi, S., Navimipour, N. J., & Otsuki, A. (2022). A New Nano-Scale and Energy-Optimized Reversible Digital Circuit Based on Quantum Technology. Electronics, 11(23), 4038.
Abstract: A nano-scale quantum-dot cellular automaton (QCA) is one of the most promising replacements for CMOS technology. Despite the potential advantages of this technology, QCA circuits are frequently plagued by numerous forms of manufacturing faults (such as a missing cell, extra cell, displacement cell, and rotated cell), making them prone to failure. As a result, in QCA technology, the design of reversible circuits has received much attention. Reversible circuits are resistant to many kinds of faults due to their inherent properties and have the possibility of data reversibility, which is important. Therefore, this research proposes a new reversible gate, followed by a new 3 x 3 reversible gate. The proposed structure does not need rotated cells and only uses one layer, increasing the design's manufacturability. QCADesigner-E and the Euler method on coherence vector (w/energy) are employed to simulate the proposed structure. The 3 x 3 reversible circuit consists of 21 cells that take up just 0.046 mu m(2). Compared to the existing QCA-based single-layer reversible circuit, the proposed reversible circuit minimizes cell count, area, and delay. Furthermore, the energy consumption is studied, confirming the optimal energy consumption pattern in the proposed circuit. The proposed reversible 3 x 3 circuit dissipates average energy of 1.36 (eV) and overall energy of 1.49 (eV). Finally, the quantum cost for implementing the reversible circuits indicates a lower value than that of all the other examined circuits.
Keywords: nano-electronic; reversible logic; quantum-dot; optimization; QCADesigner-E; quantum cost
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Vahabi, M., Bahar, A. N., Otsuki, A., & Wahid, K. A. (2022). Ultra-Low-Cost Design of Ripple Carry Adder to Design Nanoelectronics in QCA Nanotechnology. Electronics, 11(15), 2320.
Abstract: Due to the development of integrated circuits and the lack of responsiveness to existing technology, researchers are looking for an alternative technology. Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) technology is one of the promising alternatives due to its higher switch speed, lower power dissipation, and higher device density. One of the most important and widely used circuits in digital logic calculations is the full adder (FA) circuit, which actually creates the problem of finding its optimal design and increasing performance. In this paper, we designed and implemented two new FA circuits in QCA technology and then implemented ripple carry adder (RCA) circuits. The proposed FAs and RCAs showed excellent performance in terms of QCA evaluation parameters, especially in cost and cost function, compared to the other reported designs. The proposed adders' approach was 46.43% more efficient than the best-known design, and the reason for this superiority was due to the coplanar form, without crossovers and inverter gates in the designs.
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