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Slane, J., Vivanco, J., Ebenstein, D., Squire, M., & Ploeg, H. L. (2014). Multiscale characterization of acrylic bone cement modified with functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 37, 141–152.
Abstract: Acrylic bone cement is widely used to anchor orthopedic implants to bone and mechanical failure of the cement mantle surrounding an implant can contribute to aseptic loosening. In an effort to enhance the mechanical properties of bone cement, a variety of nanoparticles and fibers can be incorporated into the cement matrix. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are a class of particles that display high potential for use as reinforcement within bone cement. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to quantify the impact of modifying an acrylic cement with various low-loadings of mesoporous silica. Three types of MSNs (one plain variety and two modified with functional groups) at two loading ratios (0.1 and 0.2 wt/wt) were incorporated into a commercially available bone cement. The mechanical properties were characterized using four-point bending, microindentation and nanoindentation (static, stress relaxation, and creep) while material properties were assessed through dynamic mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Four-point flexural testing and nanoindentation revealed minimal impact on the properties of the cements, except for several changes in the nano-level static mechanical properties. Conversely, microindentation testing demonstrated that the addition of MSNs significantly increased the microhardness. The stress relaxation and creep properties of the cements measured with nanoindentation displayed no effect resulting from the addition of MSNs. The measured material properties were consistent among all cements. Analysis of scanning electron micrographs images revealed that surface functionalization enhanced particle dispersion within the cement matrix and resulted in fewer particle agglomerates. These results suggest that the loading ratios of mesoporous silica used in this study were not an effective reinforcement material. Future work should be conducted to determine the impact of higher MSN loading ratios and alternative functional groups. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Slane, J., Vivanco, J., Meyer, J., Ploeg, H. L., & Squire, M. (2014). Modification of acrylic bone cement with mesoporous silica nanoparticles: Effects on mechanical, fatigue and absorption properties. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 29, 451–461.
Abstract: Polymethyl methacrylate bone cement is the most common and successful method used to anchor orthopedic implants to bone, as evidenced by data from long-term national joint registries. Despite these successes, mechanical failure of the cement mantle can result in premature failure of an implant which has lead to the development of a variety of techniques aimed at enhancing the mechanical properties of the cement, such as the addition of particulate or fiber reinforcements. This technique however has not transitioned into clinical practice, likely due to problems relating to interfacial particle/matrix adhesion and high cement stiffness. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are a class of materials that have received little attention as polymer reinforcements despite their potential ability to overcome these challenges. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the use of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) as a reinforcement material within acrylic bone cement. Three different MSN loading ratios (0.5%, 2% and 5% (wt/wt)) were incorporated into a commercially available bone cement and the resulting impact on the cement's static mechanical properties, fatigue life and absorption/elution properties were quantified. The flexural modulus and compressive strength and modulus tended to increase with higher MSN concentration. Conversely, the flexural strength, fracture toughness and work to fracture all significantly decreased with increasing MSN content. The fatigue properties were found to be highly influenced by MSNs, with substantial detrimental effects seen with high MSN loadings. The incorporation of 5% MSNs significantly increased cement's hydration degree and elution percentage. The obtained results suggest that the interfacial adhesion strength between the nanoparticles and the polymer matrix was poor, leading to a decrease in the flexural and fatigue properties, or that adequate dispersion of the MSNs was not achieved. These findings could potentially be mitigated in future work by chemically modifying the mesoporous silica with functional groups. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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