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Cortez, V., Medina, P., Goles, E., Zarama, R., & Rica, S. (2015). Attractors, statistics and fluctuations of the dynamics of the Schelling's model for social segregation. Eur. Phys. J. B, 88(1), 12 pp.
Abstract: Statistical properties, fluctuations and probabilistic arguments are shown to explain the robust dynamics of the Schelling's social segregation model. With the aid of probability density functions we characterize the attractors for multiple external parameters and conditions. We discuss the role of the initial states and we show that, indeed, the system evolves towards well defined attractors. Finally, we provide probabilistic arguments to explain quantitatively the observed behavior.
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Goles, E., Mascareno, A., Medina, P., & Rica, S. (2020). Migration-induced transition in social structures: a view through the Sakoda model of social interactions. Sci. Rep., 10(1), 18338.
Abstract: We study the dynamics of three populations evolving in a two-dimensional discrete grid according to rules of attraction, rejection, or indifference following the framework of the seminal model by Sakoda and we apply it to migration phenomena. An interesting feature of the Sakoda model is the existence of a Potts-like energy which, as a common principle, decreases as time passes by. Here we consider the evolution of two populations until stabilization, then, we perturb this attractor by the inclusion of a third arrival: the immigrants. We show the conditions under which this irruption does not alter significantly the previous attractor (a sociological morphostatic behaviour) or it is dramatically changed (morphogenetic behaviour). We observe empirically that for a morphostatic behaviour the energy decreases while for morphogenesis this energy increases, revealing an escalation of social tension.
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Goles, E., Medina, P., Montealegre, P., & Santivanez, J. (2022). Majority networks and consensus dynamics. Chaos Solitons Fractals, 164, 112697.
Abstract: Consensus is an emergent property of many complex systems, considering this as an absolute majority phenomenon. In this work we study consensus dynamics in grids (in silicon), where individuals (the vertices) with two possible opinions (binary states) interact with the eight nearest neighbors (Moore’s neighborhood). Dynamics emerge once the majority rule drives the evolution of the system. In this work, we fully characterize the sub-neighborhoods on which the consensus may be reached or not. Given this, we study the quality of the consensus proposing two new measures, namely effectiveness and efficiency. We characterize attraction basins through the energy-like and magnetization-like functions similar to the Ising spin model.
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Goles, E., Medina, P., & Santivanez, J. (2023). Majority networks and local consensus algorithm. Sci. Rep., 13(1), 1858.
Abstract: In this paper, we study consensus behavior based on the local application of the majority consensus algorithm (a generalization of the majority rule) over four-connected bi-dimensional networks. In this context, we characterize theoretically every four-vicinity network in its capacity to reach consensus (every individual at the same opinion) for any initial configuration of binary opinions. Theoretically, we determine all regular grids with four neighbors in which consensus is reached and in which ones not. In addition, in those instances in which consensus is not reached, we characterize statistically the proportion of configurations that reach spurious fixed points from an ensemble of random initial configurations. Using numerical simulations, we also analyze two observables of the system to characterize the algorithm: (1) the quality of the achieved consensus, that is if it respects the initial majority of the network; and (2) the consensus time, measured as the average amount of steps to reach convergence.
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Medina, P., Goles, E., Zarama, R., & Rica, S. (2017). Self-Organized Societies: On the Sakoda Model of Social Interactions. Complexity, , 16 pp.
Abstract: We characterize the behavior and the social structures appearing from a model of general social interaction proposed by Sakoda. The model consists of two interacting populations in a two-dimensional periodic lattice with empty sites. It contemplates a set of simple rules that combine attitudes, ranges of interactions, and movement decisions. We analyze the evolution of the 45 different interaction rules via a Potts-like energy function which drives the system irreversibly to an equilibriumor a steady state. We discuss the robustness of the social structures, dynamical behaviors, and the existence of spatial long range order in terms of the social interactions and the equilibrium energy.
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