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Cordova, S., Canizares, C., Lorca, A., & Olivares, D. E. (2021). An Energy Management System With Short-Term Fluctuation Reserves and Battery Degradation for Isolated Microgrids. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, 12(6), 4668–4680.
Abstract: Due to the low-inertia and significant renewable generation variability in isolated microgrids, short time-scale fluctuations in the order of seconds can have a large impact on a microgrid's frequency regulation performance. In this context, the present paper presents a mathematical model for an Energy Management System (EMS) that takes into account the operational impact of the short-term fluctuations stemming from renewable generation rapid changes, and the role that renewable curtailment and batteries, including their degradation, can play to counter-balance these variations. Computational experiments on the real Kasabonika Lake First Nation microgrid and CIGRE benchmark test system show the operational benefits of the proposed EMS, highlighting the need to properly model short-term fluctuations and battery degradation in EMS for isolated microgrids with significant renewable integration.
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Cordova, S., Canizares, C. A., Lorca, A., & Olivares, D. E. (2022). Frequency-Constrained Energy Management System for Isolated Microgrids. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, 13(5), 3394–3407.
Abstract: Second-to-second power imbalances stemming from renewable generation can have a large impact on the frequency regulation performance of isolated microgrids, as these are characterized by low inertia and, more commonly nowadays, significant renewable energy penetration. Thus, the present paper develops a novel frequency-constrained Energy Management System (EMS) that takes into account the impact of short-term power fluctuations on the microgrid's operation and frequency regulation performance. The proposed EMS model is based on accurate linear equations describing frequency deviation, rate-of-change-of-frequency, and regulation provision in daily microgrid operations. Dynamic simulations on a realistic CIGRE benchmark test system show the economic and reliability benefits of the presented EMS model, highlighting the need of incorporating fast power fluctuations and their impact on frequency dynamics in EMSs for sustainable isolated microgrids.
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Ordonez, J., Gago, E. J., & Girard, A. (2016). Processes and technologies for the recycling and recovery of spent lithium-ion batteries. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 60, 195–205.
Abstract: LiBs pose a very specific threat, given that they contain a high percentage of dangerous heavy metals. From the 4000 t of used lithium-ion batteries collected in 2005, 1100 t of heavy metals and more than 200 t of toxic electrolytes were generated. This is why a lot of attention has been paid to the development of the technology necessary to recover and recycle LiBs in order not only to protect the environment but also to conserve resources. The recovery of major spent cell components is beneficial both in terms of environmental protection and also for the provision of raw materials. The authors of this article carried out a state of the art on the technologies used in the recycling and regeneration of industrial lithium-ion batteries. The main objective of such technologies is to enable the recycling of valuable elements present in the batteries, such as cobalt, nickel and copper, in a way which is both profitable and environmentally friendly. All the technologies used in the manufacture of lithium-ion batteries are constantly changing makes subsequent changes to the research into recycling and recovery technologies necessary. This does not mean merely finding ways to recover the precious metals, but also to recover other materials which may harm the environment, in order to dispose of them appropriately. The discussion of this research clearly reflects that: There are very few studies on the recovery of metals such as graphite, the electrolyte in spent LIBs, and it is our belief that more research is needed in this area. The research into the application of microorganisms in the used lithium batteries is few and far between. It is important to find ways to recover the precious metals and to recover other materials which may harm the environment, in order to dispose of them appropriately. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Spent lithium-ion batteries; Recycling; Recovery
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Petrou, K., Procopiou, A. T., Gutierrez-Lagos, L., Liu, M. C. Z., Ochoa, L. F., Langstaff, T., et al. (2021). Ensuring Distribution Network Integrity Using Dynamic Operating Limits for Prosumers. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, 12(5), 3877–3888.
Abstract: The number of residential consumers with solar PV and batteries, aka prosumers, has been increasing in recent years. Incentives now exist for prosumers to operate their batteries in more profitable ways than self-consumption mode. However, this can increase prosumer exports or imports, resulting in power flows that can lead to voltage and thermal limit violations in distribution networks. This work proposes a framework for Distribution Network Operators (DNOs) to ensure the integrity of MV-LV networks by using dynamic operating limits for prosumers. Periodically, individual prosumers send their intended operation (net exports/imports) as determined by their local control to the DNO who then assesses network integrity using smart meter data and a power flow engine. If a potential violation is detected, their maximum operating limits are determined based on a three-phase optimal power flow that incorporates network constraints and fairness aspects. A real Australian MV feeder with realistically modelled LV networks and 4,500+ households is studied, where prosumers' local controls operate based on energy prices. Time-series results demonstrate that the proposed framework can help DNOs ensure network integrity and fairness across prosumers. Furthermore, it unlocks larger profitability for prosumers compared with the use the 5kW fixed export limit adopted in Australia.
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