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Meyer, L. A., Johnson, M. G., Cullen, D. M., Vivanco, J. F., Blank, R. D., Ploeg, H. L., et al. (2016). Combined exposure to big endothelin-1 and mechanical loading in bovine sternal cores promotes osteogenesis. Bone, 85, 115–122.
Abstract: Increased bone formation resulting from mechanical loading is well documented; however, the interactions of the mechanotransduction pathways are less well understood. Endothelin-1, a ubiquitous autocrine/paracrine signaling molecule promotes osteogenesis in metastatic disease. In the present study, it was hypothesized that exposure to big endothelin-1 (big ET1) and/or mechanical loading would promote osteogenesis in ex vivo trabecular bone cores. In a 2 x 2 factorial trial of daily mechanical loading (-2000 μepsilon,120 cycles daily, “jump” waveform) and big ET1 (25 ng/mL), 48 bovine sternal trabecular bone cores were maintained in bioreactor chambers for 23 days. The bone cores' response to the treatment stimuli was assessed with percent change in core apparent elastic modulus (Delta E-app), static and dynamic histomorphometry, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secretion. Two-way ANOVA with a post hoc Fisher's LSD test found no significant treatment effects on Delta E-app (p = 0.25 and 0.51 for load and big ET1, respectively). The Delta E-app in the “no load + big ET1” (CE, 13 +/- 12.2%, p = 0.56), “load + no big ET1” (LC, 17 +/- 3.9%, p = 0.14) and “load + big ETI” (LE, 19 +/- 4.2%, p = 0.13) treatment groups were not statistically different than the control group (CC, 3.3% +/- 8.6%). Mineralizing surface (MS/BS), mineral apposition (MAR) and bone formation rates (BFR/BS) were significantly greater in LE than CC (p = 0.037, 0.0040 and 0.019, respectively). While the histological bone formation markers in LC trended to be greater than CC (p = 0.055, 0.11 and 0.074, respectively) there was no difference between CE and CC (p = 0.61, 0.50 and 0.72, respectively). Cores in LE and LC had more than 50% greater MS/BS (p = 0.037, p = 0.055 respectively) and MAR (p = 0.0040, p = 0.11 respectively) than CC. The BFR/BS was more than two times greater in LE (p = 0.019) and LC (p = 0.074) than CC. The PGE2 levels were elevated at 8 days post-osteotomy in all groups and the treatment groups remained elevated compared to the CC group on days 15,19 and 23. The data suggest that combined exposure to big ET1 and mechanical loading results in increased osteogenesis as measured in biomechanical, histomorphometric and biochemical responses. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Vergara, C., Munoz, R., Campos, J. L., Seeger, M., & Jeison, D. (2016). Influence of light intensity on bacterial nitrifying activity in algal-bacterial photobioreactors and its implications for microalgae-based wastewater treatment. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad., 114, 116–121.
Abstract: The influence of irradiance on the nitrifying activity in photobioreactors of a bacterial consortium enriched from a wastewater treatment bioreactor was assessed using independent ammonium oxidation kinetic batch tests and respirometric assays. Culture irradiance below 250 μmol m(-2) s(-1) did not show a significant effect on nitrification activity, while irradiance at 500 and 1250 μmol m(-2) s(-1) caused a decrease of 20 and 60% in the specific total ammonium nitrogen removal rates and a reduction of 26 and 71% in the specific NO3- production rates, respectively. However, no significant influence of irradiance on the affinity constant of NH4+ oxidation was observed. The increasing nitrite accumulation at higher light intensities suggested a higher light sensitivity of nitrite oxidizers. Additionally, NH4+ oxidation respirometric assays showed a decrease in the oxygen uptake of 14 and 50% at 500 and 1250 μmol m(-2) s(-1), respectively. The experimental determination of the light extinction coefficient (lambda) of the nitrifying bacterial consortium (lambda = 0.0003 m(2) g(-1)) and of Chlorella sorokiniana (lambda = 0.1045 m(2) g(-1)) allowed the estimation of light penetration in algal-bacterial high rate algal ponds, which showed that photo inhibition of nitrifying bacteria can be significantly mitigated in the presence of high density microalgal cultures. 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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