Abstract: In this article we quantify the effect of uncertainty of climate and environmental policies on transmission and generation investments, as well as on CO2 emissions in Chile. We use a two-stage stochastic planning model with recourse or corrective investment options to find optimal portfolios of infrastructure both under perfect information and uncertainty. Under a series of assumptions, this model is equivalent to the equilibrium of a much more complicated bi-level market model, where a transmission planner chooses investments first and generation firms invest afterwards. We find that optimal investment strategies present important differences depending on the policy scenario. By changing our assumption of how agents will react to this uncertainty we compute bounds on the cost that this uncertainty imposes on the system, which we estimate ranges between 3.2% and 5.7% of the minimum expected system cost of $57.6B depending on whether agents will consider or not uncertainty when choosing investments. We also find that, if agents choose investments using a stochastic planning model, uncertain climate policies can result in nearly 18% more CO2 emissions than the equilibrium levels observed under perfect information. Our results highlight the importance of credible and stable long-term regulations for investors in the electric power industry if the goal is to achieve climate and environmental targets in the most cost-effective manner and to minimize the risk of asset stranding. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Abstract: There exist several different reliability-and approximation-based methods to determine the contribution of solar resources toward resource adequacy. However, most of these approaches require knowing in advance the installed capacities of both conventional and solar generators. This is a complication since generator capacities are actually decision variables in capacity planning studies. In this paper, we study the effect of time resolution and solar PV penetration using a planning model that accounts for the full distribution of generator outages and solar resource variability. We also describe a modification of a standard deterministic planning model that enforces a resource adequacy target through a reserve margin constraint. Our numerical experiments show that at least 50 days worth of data are necessary to approximate the results of the full-resolution model with a maximum error of 2.5% on costs and capacity. We also show that the amount of displaced capacity of conventional generation decreases rapidly as the penetration of solar PV increases. We find that using an exogenously defined and constant capacity value based on time-series data can yield relatively accurate results for small penetration levels. For higher penetration levels, the modified deterministic planning model better captures avoided costs and the decreasing value of solar PV.

Abstract: Planning for new generation infrastructure in hydrothermal power systems requires consideration of a series of nonlinearities that are often ignored in planning models for policy analysis. In this article, three different capacity- planning models are used, one nonlinear and two linear ones, with different degrees of complexity, to quantify the impact of simplifying the head dependency of hydropower generation on investments in both conventional and renewable generators and system operations. It was found that simplified investment models can bias the optimal generation portfolios by, for example, understating the need for coal and combined-cycle gas units and overstating investments in wind capacity with respect to a more accurate nonlinear formulation, which could affect policy recommendations. It was also found that the economic cost of employing a simplified model can be below 10% of total system cost for most of the scenarios and system configurations analyzed, but as high as nearly 70% of total system cost for specific applications. Although these results are not general, they suggest that for certain system configurations both linear models can provide reasonable approximations to more complex nonlinear formulations. Uncertain water inflows were also considered using stochastic variants of all three planning models. Interestingly, if due to time or computational limitations only one of these two features could be accounted for, these results indicate that explicit modeling of the nonlinear-head effect in a deterministic model could yield better results (up to 0.6% of economic regret) than a stochastic linear model (up to 9.6% of economic regret) that considers the uncertainty of water inflows.