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del Rio, A. V., da Silva, T., Martins, T. H., Foresti, E., Campos, J. L., Mendez, R., et al. (2017). Partial Nitritation-Anammox Granules: Short-Term Inhibitory Effects of Seven Metals on Anammox Activity. Water Air Soil Pollut., 228(11), 9 pp.
Abstract: The inhibitory effect of seven different metals on the specific anammox activity of granular biomass, collected from a single stage partial nitritation/anammox reactor, was evaluated. The concentration of each metal that led to a 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) was 19.3 mg Cu+2/L, 26.9 mg Cr+2/L, 45.6 mg Pb+2/L, 59.1 mg Zn+2/L, 69.2 mg Ni+2/L, 174.6 mg Cd+2/L, and 175.8 mg Mn+2/L. In experiments performed with granules mechanically disintegrated (flocculent-like sludge), the IC50 for Cd+2 corresponded to a concentration of 93.1 mg Cd+2/L. These results indicate that the granular structure might act as a physical barrier to protect anammox bacteria from toxics. Furthermore, the presence of an external layer of ammonia oxidizing bacteria seems to mitigate the inhibitory effect of the metals, as the values of IC50 obtained in this study for anammox activity were higher than those previously reported for anammox granules. Additionally, the results obtained confirmed that copper is one of the most inhibitory metals for anammox activity and revealed that chromium, scarcely studied yet, has a similar potential inhibitory effect.
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Giustinianovich, E. A., Campos, J. L., & Roeckel, M. D. (2016). The presence of organic matter during autotrophic nitrogen removal: Problem or opportunity? Sep. Purif. Technol., 166, 102–108.
Abstract: The simultaneous nitrification, Anammox and denitrification (SNAD) process discovered six years ago is an adaptation of the autotrophic denitrification process that allows for treating nitrogen-rich wastewater streams with moderate amounts of organic carbon. Several authors have noted that it is possible to utilize organic carbon to promote nitrogen removal via the action of denitrifying microorganisms, which can remove the remnant nitrate produced by Anammox bacteria. Thus, SNAD systems can achieve nitrogen removal efficiencies higher than 89%, which is what is expected under autotrophic conditions. Three bacterial groups are responsible for SNAD reactions: ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) and heterotrophic bacteria (HB). Because HB will compete with AOB and AnAOB for oxygen and nitrite, respectively, the system should be operated in such way that a balance among the different bacterial populations is achieved. Here, the results reported in the literature are analyzed to define suitable characteristics of effluents for treatment and operational conditions to allow the SNAD process to be carried out with different types of technologies. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Giustinianovich, E. A., Campos, J. L., Roeckel, M. D., Estrada, A. J., Mosquera-Corral, A., & del Rio, A. V. (2018). Influence of biomass acclimation on the performance of a partial nitritation-anammox reactor treating industrial saline effluents. Chemosphere, 194, 131–138.
Abstract: The performance of the partial nitritation/anammox processes was evaluated for the treatment of fish canning effluents. A sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was fed with industrial wastewater, with variable salt and total ammonium nitrogen (TAN) concentrations in the range of 1.75-18.00 g-NaCl L-1 and 112 – 267 mg-TAN L-1. The SBR operation was divided into two experiments: (A) progressive increase of salt concentrations from 1.75 to 1833 g-NaCl L-1; (B) direct application of high salt concentration (18 g-NaCl L-1). The progressive increase of NaCl concentration provoked the inhibition of the anammox biomass by up to 94% when 18 g-NaCl L-1 were added. The stable operation of the processes was achieved after 154 days when the nitrogen removal rate was 0.021 +/- 0.007 g N/L.d (corresponding to 30% of removal efficiency). To avoid the development of NOB activity at low salt concentrations and to stabilize the performance of the processes dissolved oxygen was supplied by intermittent aeration. A greater removal rate of 0.029 +/- 0.017 g-N L-1 d(-1) was obtained with direct exposure of the inoculum to 18 g-NaCl L-1 in less than 40 days. Also, higher specific activities than those from the inoculum were achieved for salt concentrations of 15 and 20 g-NaCl L-1 after 39 days of operation. This first study of the performance of the partial nitritation/anammox processes, to treat saline wastewaters, indicates that the acclimation period can be avoided to shorten the start-up period for industrial application purposes. Nevertheless, further experiments are needed in order to improve the efficiency of the processes. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Morales, N., del Rio, A. V., Vazquez-Padin, J. R., Gutierrez, R., Fernandez-Gonzalez, R., Icaram, P., et al. (2015). Influence of dissolved oxygen concentration on the start-up of the anammox-based process: ELAN (R). Water Sci. Technol., 72(4), 520–527.
Abstract: The anammox-based process ELAN (R) was started-up in two different sequencing batch reactor (SBR) pilot plant reactors treating municipal anaerobic digester supernatant. The main difference in the operation of both reactors was the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the bulk liquid. SBR-1 was started at a DO value of 0.4 mg O-2/L whereas SBR-2 was started at DO values of 3.0 mg O-2/L. Despite both reactors working at a nitrogen removal rate of around 0.6 g N/(L d), in SBR-1, granules represented only a small fraction of the total biomass and reached a diameter of 1.1 mm after 7 months of operation, while in SBR-2 the biomass was mainly composed of granules with an average diameter of 3.2 mm after the same operational period. Oxygen microelectrode profiling revealed that granules from SBR-2 where only fully penetrated by oxygen with DO concentrations of 8 mg O2/L while granules from SBR-1 were already oxygen penetrated at DO concentrations of 1 mg O2/L. In this way granules from SBR-2 performed better due to the thick layer of ammonia oxidizing bacteria, which accounted for up to 20% of all the microbial populations, which protected the anammox bacteria from non-suitable liquid media conditions.
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Pedrouso, A., Aiartza, I., Morales, N., Vazquez-Padin, J. R., Rogalla, F., Campos, J. L., et al. (2018). Pilot-scale ELAN (R) process applied to treat primary settled urban wastewater at low temperature via partial nitritation-anammox processes. Sep. Purif. Technol., 200, 94–101.
Abstract: A single stage partial nitritation and anammox granular pilot scale reactor (600 L) was operated to treat primary settled sewage in an urban wastewater treatment plant. The fed wastewater contained low total nitrogen concentrations of 6-25 mg TN/L and the system operated without temperature control ranging from 18 to 12 degrees C. A control strategy, based on the pH value, was applied to stop the aeration supply. The pH set-point was fixed at 6.0 and allowed obtaining a total nitrogen removal efficiency approximately of 50% treating a load of 67 mg TN/(L.d) without the addition of any chemicals. Although nitrite oxidizing bacteria were present in the inoculated sludge, when the pH-based control was implemented (day 30) the ammonium oxidation was favored compared to the nitrite oxidation activity. Then, the system operated stable the rest of the operational period (days 30-94) despite the presence of organic matter in the wastewater and the high variability of nitrogen load and temperature during the operation. Nitrogen was autotrophically removed accomplishing the stringent discharge limits (10 mg TN/L) and nitrate concentrations in the effluent lower than 3 mg NO3--N/L. Both biomass concentration and granules size increased during the operational period indicating the growth of the biomass inside the reactor and therefore the potential treatment capacity.
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Pedrouso, A., del Rio, A. V., Morales, N., Vazquez-Padin, J. R., Campos, J. L., & Mosquera-Corral, A. (2021). Mainstream anammox reactor performance treating municipal wastewater and batch study of temperature, pH and organic matter concentration cross-effects. Process Saf. Environ. Protect., 145, 195–202.
Abstract: The anammox process is an energy efficient promising alternative to biologically remove the nitrogen. Thus, a 5-L anammox granular reactor was inoculated with sludge coming from a sidestream partial nitritation and anammox reactor (>200 mg TN/L and 30 degrees C) and it was directly subjected to 15 +/- 1 degrees C treating mimicked municipal wastewater (50 mg TN/L). Results indicated that an acclimation period (commonly used) to progressive reach the mainstream conditions is not needed, shortening the start-up periods. The long-term anammox process stability was proved to treat synthetic wastewater with decreasing alkalinities and nitritified primary settled municipal wastewater. The low pH values (6.2 +/- 0.1) of the municipal wastewater fed did not affect the process stability. Residual organic matter concentrations augmented the nitrogen removal efficiency from 80 % (with the synthetic medium) to 92 % achieving effluent concentrations below 10 mg TN/L. Finally, the effect of pH (6-8), temperature (15-30 degrees C) and organic matter concentration (0-75 mg TOC/L) over the specific anammox activity (SA(Amx)) was evaluated at short-term. pH and temperature and their interactions exerted significant influence on the SAAmx value while the TOC concentrations itself did not significantly change the SA(AMX). (C) 2020 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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